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Electro-optic amplitude modulator
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The electro-optic amplitude modulator is a Pockels box-type modulator consisting of two matched lithium niobate crystals (see right) enclosed in a compact housing with an RF input connector. Applying an electric field to the crystal will change the refractive index (ordinary light and extraordinary light), producing an electric field-dependent birefringence effect, thereby changing the polarization state of the beam. The electro-optic crystal is equivalent to a variable wave plate, and its retardation is linear with the applied electric field. A linear polarizer is placed at the output, and the intensity of the beam passing through the polarizer will vary sinusoidally with a linear change in the applied voltage.
Note that AM modulators operating in the-C4 band (400 - 600 nm) are only used for AC modulation above a few Hertz. Magnesium oxide-doped lithium niobate is sensitive to light in this wavelength range and exhibits a slow negative pressure to an applied DC electric field. The stronger the light, the faster the DC field is eliminated. Thus, in practice, a DC voltage cannot be used to bias the modulator at a specified operating point. A tunable waveplate can be used to apply an optical bias to the modulator at a desired operating point.
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