Chongfan Technology
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20
2025
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02
Automatic Turbulence Suppression Scheme for Free Space Optical Communication
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In an era of rapidly growing demand for high-speed data communication, free space optical (FSO) communication has become a key technology in fields such as satellite interconnection, drone communication, and deep space exploration, due to its ultra-high bandwidth and resistance to electromagnetic interference, compared to radio frequency wireless communication systems. However, atmospheric turbulence poses a significant challenge to the stability of FSO systems. The beam distortion and mode coupling effects caused by turbulence severely degrade the quality of the received optical signal, affecting the reliability of the system and the efficiency of data transmission.
Currently, the main turbulence compensation methods include adaptive optics (AO) and digital signal processing (DSP) technologies. AO technology relies on wavefront detection and correction devices to correct beam distortion and requires additional feedback circuits to achieve dynamic turbulence correction. The DSP method requires complex iterative algorithms and digital computing resources. Therefore, how to achieve real-time and efficient beam distortion compensation in a dynamic turbulence environment is an important direction in current FSO research.
Recently, the University of Southern California (USC)Alan Willner院士课题组及合作者发表了一项突破性研究,提出了一种基于光学相位共轭(OPC)的“自动”湍流抑制方案。该方法利用四波混频(FWM)技术,在砷化镓(GaAs)晶体中生成相位共轭波,从而逆转光束的湍流畸变,实现光信号的自适应恢复。实验表明,该技术在高速相干通信传输条件下,实现了小于5毫秒响应时间的湍流自适应补偿,使FSO链路在动态湍流环境中的通信质量得到显著提升。
该成果发表在Optica期刊,题为“Automatic mitigation of dynamic atmospheric turbulence using optical phase conjugation for coherent free-space optical communications”。本工作的完成单位为南加州大学电气与计算机工程系、德国空中客车公司中央研究与技术中心、罗切斯特大学光学研究所、特拉维夫大学电气工程学院。南加州大学博士后研究员周慧斌博士为论文第一作者,通讯作者为周慧斌博士和Alan Willner 院士。南加州大学苏心洲、 段雨祥、左玥、姜子乐、Muralekrishnan Ramakrishna,德国空中客车公司中央研究与技术中心Jan Tepper博士、Volker Ziegler博士,罗切斯特大学Robert Boyd教授, 特拉维夫大学Moshe Tur教授为本工作做出了重要贡献。
工作原理
该研究的核心技术基于光学相位共轭(OPC),其基本原理是利用GaAs晶体中的四波混频过程生成相位共轭波。当光束通过湍流传播后,湍流会导致光束的畸变,影响相干通信探测的信号解调(图1a)。而OPC技术能够自动逆转这些畸变,使光信号在接收端恢复为高质量的高斯模态,从而提高相干光信号的解码效率(图1b)。这一过程不需要额外的光束波前测量和实时数字信号处理。该研究提出的OPC湍流补偿步骤如下:
(1) 记录湍流畸变:从链路接收端向发送端反向发射一束高斯探测光束,该光束在传播中携带了链路湍流的畸变信息。
(2) 生成相位共轭波:在发送端,畸变后的探测光束进入GaAs晶体,与参考光束和数据信号光束相互作用,生成相位共轭光束。
(3)自适应恢复光束模态:相位共轭光束沿原路径返回接收端端,湍流畸变被自动抵消,使得信号光束恢复为高斯模态,能够高效耦合进入单模光纤,实现高质量的相干检测。

以往的基于OPC的湍流补偿方案存在响应速度与通信速率的权衡问题,包括(a) 基于自泵浦的OPC实验:实现了35毫秒响应时间,但通信速率低于1 Mbit/s ;(b)基于光折变氧化物晶体FWM的OPC实验:实现2 Gbit/s的通信速率,但响应时间超过60秒,难以补偿动态湍流损伤。该研究通过利用半导体GaAs晶体,并优化FWM过程,同时实现了8 Gbit/s高速通信速率(较自泵浦的实验高1,000倍)和小于5毫秒响应速度(较此前氧化物晶体FMW实验快10,000倍)。该成果在动态湍流环境下实现了高通信速率与高响应速度的同步优化,为FSO通信技术带来了突破。
实验验证
该研究团队首先通过实验测量了在动态大气湍流条件下,光束的畸变和模式耦合情况。湍流的格林伍德频率(Greenwood frequency)约为260 Hz (表明较高的湍流变化速率)。未使用OPC时 (图2a),高斯模式光束的空间强度和相位分布受到严重畸变,能量分散到大量高阶模式。使用所提出的OPC方法后(图2b),光束能够恢复成高斯模式,高斯模式能量占比显著提升。


为进一步验证技术有效性,该研究团队在8 Gbit/s正交相移键控(QPSK)相干通信链路中进行了400组随机动态湍流测试。未使用OPC时 (图4a1-a2),湍流导致QPSK信号星座点严重扩散,数据传输不稳定,信号的误码率(BER)在41%的湍流测试实例下超过了7%前向纠错 (FEC)阈值。使用OPC后(图4b1-b2),信号质量大幅改善,所有测试实例的BER均低于7% FEC阈值,保证了更可靠的通信链路。

总结与展望
The results of this study provide new possibilities for the stable transmission of FSO high-speed signals in complex turbulent environments. In the future, the research team plans to further optimize the OPC method and explore higher-order modulation formats and higher bandwidth signals to further support larger capacity data transmission. In addition, researchers will also explore on-chip OPC system integration solutions to address the challenges posed by the important demand for low volume, weight, and cost in practical applications (such as satellite and drone communication devices).
Chongqing Chongfan Technology Co., Ltd. Optical Platform Film Thickness Meter OCT Optical Coherence Tomography LabVIEW Control
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